viernes, 30 de abril de 2010
HISTORY I
Apartheid.
National Party (1948 - 1994)
United Party (1930s)
Independence from the United Kingdom / Statute of Westminster (1931).
HISTORY II
Dominion of Great Britain / Natives' Land Act (1913).
Boer Wars 1st 1880-1881
XXXXxxXXx2nd 1899-1902
Discovering of diamonds and gold
Boer Wars 1st 1880-1881
XXXXxxXXx2nd 1899-1902
Discovering of diamonds and gold
ORIGINS
Great Britain taking over of the Cape of Good Hope area (1795)
Foundation of a refreshment station by the Dutch East India Company (later Cape Town)
Bartolomeu Dias – First European to reach the southernmost point of Africa (1487)
Foundation of a refreshment station by the Dutch East India Company (later Cape Town)
Bartolomeu Dias – First European to reach the southernmost point of Africa (1487)
SOUTH AFRICA NOWADAYS
Capitals XXXPretoria (executive)
XXxXXXXXxXBloemfontein (judicial)
XXxXXXXXXxCape Town (legislative)
Largest city XXJohannesburg
Official language (s) xX Afrikaans
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx English
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Southern Ndebele
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Northern Sotho
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Southern Sotho
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Swazi
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Tsonga
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Tswana
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Venda
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Xhosa
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Zulu
Unofficial languages XX Fanagalo
XXXXXXXXxXXXXXXXXx Khoe
XXXXXXXXxXXXXXXXXx Lobedu
XXXXXXXXxXXXXXXXXx Nama
XXXXXXXXxXXXXXXXXx Northern Ndebele
XXXXXXXXxXXXXXXXXx Phuthi
XXXXXXXxXXXXXXXXXx San
XXXXXXXxXXXXXXXXXx South African Sign
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx[Language
Population XX About 50 million people (2001
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx[census)
Area XX 1.221.037 km2
Currency XX Rand (ZAR)
Form of State Federal, comprising a central government and nine provincial governments
Government XX Constitutional Democracy
PHONOLOGY - VOWELS I
Back pronunciation of /ɑ:/.
e.g. dance, car.
/ ɪ / = / i / before and after / k, g, ŋ, ʃ, h/ and word initially;
e.g. big /big/
/ ɪ / = / ǝ / elsewhere.
e.g. bit /bǝt/
/ æ /- / ɛ /
e.g South Africa sounds more like South Efrica.
Tendency to monophthongize diphthongs
e.g. peer: -RP / pIǝ / -SAfEng / pe: /
PHONOLOGY - VOWELS II
Lengthening of short / ʊ /, being realised as /u:/ in words such as book, cook.
There is Happy Tensing: / ɪ / > /i:/ in words such as very, coffee, city, happy.
PHONOLOGY - CONSONANTS I
There is r-dropping, which means this is a non-rhotic accent:
-Postvocalic /-r/ > Ø.
e.g. far /fɑ:r/ > /fɑ:/
-Neither intrusive nor linking r.
There is NG-Coalescence:
/ŋg/ > /ŋ/ > /n/ > (-ing > /ǝn/)
Th-fronting: / θ / > [ f ]
-Postvocalic /-r/ > Ø.
e.g. far /fɑ:r/ > /fɑ:/
-Neither intrusive nor linking r.
There is NG-Coalescence:
/ŋg/ > /ŋ/ > /n/ > (-ing > /ǝn/)
Th-fronting: / θ / > [ f ]
PHONOLOGY - CONSONANTS II
There is no aspiration in /p, tʃ, t, k/ in initial position.
Intervocalic / t / as voiced flap /ɾ/.
Use of a velar fricative phoneme / x /. Only in words borrowed from Afrikaans.e.g. "gogga" [ xoxǝ ]
Intervocalic / t / as voiced flap /ɾ/.
Use of a velar fricative phoneme / x /. Only in words borrowed from Afrikaans.e.g. "gogga" [ xoxǝ ]
SOUTH AFRICAN ENGLISH GRAMMAR I
Sporadic countable use of uncountable nouns.
e.g. furnitures for piece of furniture.
Repetition of words for emphasis and rethorical purposes.
e.g. Do it small small do it slowly, bit by bit.
Common use of resumptive pronoun subjects.
e.g. My father he is very tall.
Yes-no questions answered to accord with form rather than meaning.
e.g. Didn’t you break that? Yes I didn’t.
e.g. furnitures for piece of furniture.
Repetition of words for emphasis and rethorical purposes.
e.g. Do it small small do it slowly, bit by bit.
Common use of resumptive pronoun subjects.
e.g. My father he is very tall.
Yes-no questions answered to accord with form rather than meaning.
e.g. Didn’t you break that? Yes I didn’t.
SOUTH AFRICAN ENGLISH GRAMMAR II
Simple verbs used instead of their phrasal verb derivatives.
e.g. pick pick up.
Use of the all purpose response question “is it?”
e.g. He’s gone to town, is it? (BrEng: has he?)
Non-negative “no” occurs as an introductory particle.
e.g. How are you? No, I’m fine thanks.
Possibility to delete object noun phrases (NPs) after verbs which must have NPs in other varieties.
e.g. -Have you got?
xxX-Did you put?
e.g. pick pick up.
Use of the all purpose response question “is it?”
e.g. He’s gone to town, is it? (BrEng: has he?)
Non-negative “no” occurs as an introductory particle.
e.g. How are you? No, I’m fine thanks.
Possibility to delete object noun phrases (NPs) after verbs which must have NPs in other varieties.
e.g. -Have you got?
xxX-Did you put?
SOUTH AFRICAN ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Terms in common with GA:
- “Mom”
- “Freeway or highway”
- “Cellphone”
- “Buck”
Words that does not exist in British or American English. Derived from Afrikaans or African languages:
- “takkies” > “trainers”
- “jol” >“party”
- “lekker” >“nice”
- “braai” >“bbq”
- “donga” >“gully”
- “Mom”
- “Freeway or highway”
- “Cellphone”
- “Buck”
Words that does not exist in British or American English. Derived from Afrikaans or African languages:
- “takkies” > “trainers”
- “jol” >“party”
- “lekker” >“nice”
- “braai” >“bbq”
- “donga” >“gully”
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